Monkey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Monkey (disambiguation).
For the similar monophyletic clade, see Simian.
Monkey
Fossil range: Late Eocene–Present[1]
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Wild toque macaque (Macaca sinica) in Yala National Park, Sri Lanka
Wild toque macaque (Macaca sinica) in Yala National Park, Sri Lanka
Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Mammalia
Order:     Primates
Suborder:     Haplorhini
Infraorder:     Simiiformes[a]
Haeckel, 1866
Included groups

    Callitrichidae
    Cebidae
    Aotidae
    Pitheciidae
    Atelidae
    Cercopithecidae
    †Parapithecidae

Cladistically included but traditionally excluded groups

Hominoidea

Monkeys are non-hominoid simians, generally possessing tails and consisting of about 260 known living species. Many monkey species are tree-dwelling (arboreal), although there are species that live primarily on the ground, such as baboons. Most species are also active during the day (diurnal). Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent, particularly Old World monkeys.

There are two major types of monkey: New World monkeys (platyrrhines) from South and Central America and Old World monkeys (catarrhines of the superfamily Cercopithecoidea) from Africa and Asia. Apes (hominoids)—consisting of gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans—are also catarrines but are classically distinguished from monkeys.[3][4][5][6] (Tailless monkeys may be called "apes", incorrectly according to modern usage; thus the tailless Barbary macaque is sometimes called the "Barbary ape".) Simians and tarsiers emerged within haplorrhines some 60 million years ago. New World monkeys and catarrhine monkeys emerged within the simians some 35 million years ago. Old World monkeys and Hominoidea emerged within the catarrhine monkeys some 25 million years ago. Extinct basal simians such as Aegyptopithecus or Parapithecus [35-32 million years ago] are also considered monkeys by primatologists.

Lemurs, lorises, and galagos are not monkeys; instead they are strepsirrhine primates. Like monkeys, tarsiers are haplorhine primates; however, they are also not monkeys.

Apes emerged within the catarrhines with the Old World monkeys as a sister group, so cladistically they are monkeys as well. However, traditionally apes are not considered monkeys, rendering this grouping paraphyletic. The smallest clade that includes all monkeys and hence their ape offshoot are the simians.

Contents

    1 Historical and modern terminology
    2 Description
    3 Classification
        3.1 Cladogram with extinct families
    4 Gallery
    5 Relationship with humans
        5.1 As service animals for the disabled
        5.2 In experiments
            5.2.1 In space
        5.3 As food
        5.4 Literature
        5.5 Religion and worship
        5.6 Zodiac
    6 See also
    7 Notes
    8 References
        8.1 Literature cited
    9 External links

Historical and modern terminology

According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word "monkey" may originate in a German version of the Reynard the Fox fable, published circa 1580. In this version of the fable, a character named Moneke is the son of Martin the Ape.[7] In English, no very clear distinction was originally made between "ape" and "monkey"; thus the 1910 Encyclopædia Britannica entry for "ape" notes that it is either a synonym for "monkey" or is used to mean a tailless humanlike primate.[8] Colloquially, the terms "monkey" and "ape" are widely used interchangeably.[9] Also, a few monkey species have the word "ape" in their common name, such as the Barbary ape.

Later in the first half of the 20th century, the idea developed that there were trends in primate evolution and that the living members of the order could be arranged in a series, leading through "monkeys" and "apes" to humans.[10] Monkeys thus constituted a "grade" on the path to humans and were distinguished from "apes".

Scientific classifications are now more often based on monophyletic groups, that is groups consisting of all the descendants of a common ancestor. The New World monkeys and the Old World monkeys are each monophyletic groups, but their combination is not, since it excludes hominoids (apes and humans). Thus the term "monkey" no longer refers to a recognized scientific taxon. The smallest accepted taxon which contains all the monkeys is the infraorder Simiiformes, or simians. However this also contains the hominoids (apes and humans), so that monkeys are, in terms of currently recognized taxa, non-hominoid simians. Colloquially and pop-culturally, the term is ambiguous and sometimes monkey includes non-human hominoids.[11] In addition, frequent arguments are made for a monophyletic usage of the word "monkey" from the perspective that usage should reflect cladistics.[12][13][14][15]

A group of monkeys may be commonly referred to as a tribe or a troop.[16]
Description

Monkeys range in size from the pygmy marmoset, which can be as small as 117 millimetres (4.6 in) with a 172-millimetre (6.8 in) tail and just over 100 grams (3.5 oz) in weight,[17] to the male mandrill, almost 1 metre (3.3 ft) long and weighing up to 36 kilograms (79 lb).[18] Some are arboreal (living in trees) while others live on the savanna; diets differ among the various species but may contain any of the following: fruit, leaves, seeds, nuts, flowers, eggs and small animals (including insects and spiders).[19]

Some characteristics are shared among the groups; most New World monkeys have prehensile tails while Old World monkeys have non-prehensile tails or no visible tail at all. Old World monkeys have trichromatic color vision like that of humans, while New World monkeys may be trichromatic, dichromatic, or—as in the owl monkeys and greater galagos—monochromatic. Although both the New and Old World monkeys, like the apes, have forward-facing eyes, the faces of Old World and New World monkeys look very different, though again, each group shares some features such as the types of noses, cheeks and rumps.[19]
Classification

The following list shows where the various monkey families (bolded) are placed in the classification of living (extant) primates.

    ORDER PRIMATES
        Suborder Strepsirrhini: lemurs, lorises, and galagos
        Suborder Haplorhini: tarsiers, monkeys, and apes
            Infraorder Tarsiiformes
                Family Tarsiidae: tarsiers
            Infraorder Simiiformes: simians
                Parvorder Platyrrhini: New World monkeys
                    Family Callitrichidae: marmosets and tamarins (42 species)
                    Family Cebidae: capuchins and squirrel monkeys (14 species)
                    Family Aotidae: night monkeys (11 species)
                    Family Pitheciidae: titis, sakis, and uakaris (41 species)
                    Family Atelidae: howler, spider, and woolly monkeys (24 species)
                Parvorder Catarrhini
                    Superfamily Cercopithecoidea
                        Family Cercopithecidae: Old World monkeys (135 species)
                    Superfamily Hominoidea: apes
                        Family Hylobatidae: gibbons ("lesser apes") (17 species)
                        Family Hominidae: great apes (including humans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans) (7 species)

Cladogram with extinct families

Below is a cladogram with some extinct monkey families.[20][21][22] Generally, extinct non-hominoid simians, including early Catarrhines are discussed as monkeys as well as simians or anthropoidea,[3][4][5] which cladistically means that Hominoidea are monkeys as well, restoring monkeys as a single grouping. It is indicated approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades.[23][24][25][26] It is thought the New World monkeys started as drifted "Old World monkey" group from the old world (probably Aftrica) to the new world (South America).[4]
Haplorhini (64)    

   

Tarsiiformes

Simian    

   

Eosimiidae s.s. (†37 Mya)


   

   

Phileosimias (†46)


   

   

Amphipithecidae (†35)

(45)    

   

Parapithecoidea (†30)


   

   

Proteopithecus sylviae (†34)

Crown    
Platyrrhini (30)    
(29)    

   

Chilecebus (†20)

(26)    

   

Tremacebus (†20)

(24)    

   

Homunculus (†16)


   

Dolichocebus (†20)





   

Crown Platyrrhini (New World Monkeys)


Catarrhini (35)    

   

Oligopithecidae (†34)

(35)    

   

Propliopithecoidea (†30)

(34)    

   

Pliopithecoidea (†6)

Dendropithecidae (33)    

   

(†20)

(32)    

   

(†16)

Crown    
Hominoidea (30)    

   

Proconsulidae (†18 Mya)

(29)    

   

Equatorius (†16)

(29)    
Afropithecidae (28)    

   

Morotopithecus (†20)

(28)    

   

Afropithecus (†16)


   

Nyanzapithecinae (†7)



Crown Hominoidea (22)    

   

Hominidae


   

Hylobatidae





(29)    

   

Saadanioidea (†28)

Cercopithecoidea (24)    

   

Victoriapithecinae(†19)


   

Crown Cercopithecoidea (Old World Monkeys)



Catharrhini (31)





Simians (40)




(Monkeys, Anthropoidea, 47)

Gallery
Various species of monkey
Bonnet macaque
Bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata)
Callimico goeldii
Goeldi's marmoset (Callimico goeldii)
Common squirrel monkey
Common squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
Crab-eating macaque
Crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis)
Japanese macaque
Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata)
Relationship with humans

The many species of monkey have varied relationships with humans. Some are kept as pets, others used as model organisms in laboratories or in space missions. They may be killed in monkey drives (when they threaten agriculture) or used as service animals for the disabled.

In some areas, some species of monkey are considered agricultural pests, and can cause extensive damage to commercial and subsistence crops.[27] This can have important implications for the conservation of endangered species, which may be subject to persecution. In some instances farmers' perceptions of the damage may exceed the actual damage.[28] Monkeys that have become habituated to human presence in tourist locations may also be considered pests, attacking tourists.[29]

In religion and popular culture, monkeys are a symbol of playfulness, mischief and fun.
As service animals for the disabled

Some organizations train capuchin monkeys as service animals to assist quadriplegics and other people with severe spinal cord injuries or mobility impairments. After being socialized in a human home as infants, the monkeys undergo extensive training before being placed with a disabled person. Around the house, the monkeys assist with feeding, fetching, manipulating objects, and personal care.[30]
In experiments
Main article: Animal testing on non-human primates

The most common monkey species found in animal research are the grivet, the rhesus macaque, and the crab-eating macaque, which are either wild-caught or purpose-bred.[31][32] They are used primarily because of their relative ease of handling, their fast reproductive cycle (compared to apes) and their psychological and physical similarity to humans. Worldwide, it is thought that between 100,000 and 200,000 non-human primates are used in research each year,[32] 64.7% of which are Old World monkeys, and 5.5% New World monkeys.[33] This number makes a very small fraction of all animals used in research.[32] Between 1994 and 2004 the United States has used an average of 54,000 non-human primates, while around 10,000 non-human primates were used in the European Union in 2002.[33]
In space
Sam, a rhesus macaque, was flown to a height of 55 miles (89 km) by NASA in 1959
Main article: Monkeys and apes in space

A number of countries have used monkeys as part of their space exploration programmes, including the United States and France. The first monkey in space was Albert II, who flew in the US-launched V-2 rocket on June 14, 1949.[34]
As food
Main article: Monkey meat

Monkey brains are eaten as a delicacy in parts of South Asia, Africa and China.[35] In traditional Islamic dietary laws, the eating of monkeys is forbidden. However, monkeys are sometimes eaten in parts of Africa, where they can be sold as "bushmeat".[36]
Literature
Illustration of Indian monkeys known as bandar from the illuminated manuscript Baburnama (Memoirs of Babur)

Sun Wukong (the "Monkey King"), a character who figures prominently in Chinese mythology, is the protagonist in the classic comic Chinese novel Journey to the West.

Monkeys are prevalent in numerous books, television programs, and movies. The television series Monkey and the literary characters Monsieur Eek and Curious George are all examples.

Informally, the term "monkey" is often used more broadly than in scientific use and may be used to refer to apes, particularly chimpanzees, gibbons, and gorillas. Author Terry Pratchett alludes to this difference in usage in his Discworld novels, in which the Librarian of the Unseen University is an orangutan who gets very violent if referred to as a monkey. Another example is the use of Simians in Chinese poetry.

The winged monkeys are prominent characters in The Wizard of Oz.
Religion and worship
Simian statue at a Buddhist shrine in Tokyo, Japan
A statue of Hanuman

Hanuman, a prominent divine entity in Hinduism, is a human-like monkey god who is believed to bestow courage, strength and longevity to the person who thinks about him or the god Rama.

In Buddhism, the monkey is an early incarnation of Buddha but may also represent trickery and ugliness. The Chinese Buddhist "mind monkey" metaphor refers to the unsettled, restless state of human mind. Monkey is also one of the Three Senseless Creatures, symbolizing greed, with the tiger representing anger and the deer lovesickness.

The Sanzaru, or three wise monkeys, are revered in Japanese folklore; together they embody the proverbial principle to "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil".[37]

The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped nature.[38] They placed emphasis on animals and often depicted monkeys in their art.[39]

The Tzeltal people of Mexico worshipped monkeys as incarnations of their dead ancestors.
Zodiac

The Monkey (猴) is the ninth in the twelve-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The next time that the monkey will appear as the zodiac sign will be in the year 2028.[40]
See also

    iconMammals portal

    List of New World monkey species
    List of Old World monkey species
    List of individual monkeys
    List of fictional primates
    List of primates by population
    Monkey Day
    Signifying monkey

Notes

    When Carl Linnaeus defined the genus Simia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, it included all non-human monkeys and apes (simians).[2] Although "monkey" was never a taxonomic name, and is instead a vernacular name for a paraphyletic group, its members fall under the infraorder Simiiformes.

References

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Groves 2008, pp. 92–93.
Dobzhansky, Theodosius; Hecht, Max K.; Steere, William C. (2012-12-06). Evolutionary Biology. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781468490633.
"Early Primate Evolution: The First Primates". anthro.palomar.edu. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
Bajpai, Sunil; Kay, Richard F.; Williams, Blythe A.; Das, Debasis P.; Kapur, Vivesh V.; Tiwari, B. N. (2008-08-12). "The oldest Asian record of Anthropoidea". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (32): 11093–11098. doi:10.1073/pnas.0804159105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2516236 Freely accessible. PMID 18685095.
Delson, Eric; Tattersall, Ian; Couvering, John Van; Brooks, Alison S. (2004-11-23). Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory: Second Edition. Routledge. ISBN 9781135582289.
Harper, D. (2004). "Monkey". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
"Ape". Encyclopædia Britannica. XIX (11th ed.). New York: Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. p. 160. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/monkey
Dixson, A. F. (1981). The Natural History of the Gorilla. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-297-77895-0.
Susman, Gary. "10 Best Monkeys at the Movies". Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
"If Apes Evolved From Monkeys, Why Are There Still Monkeys?".
"Apes are monkeys, deal with it".
"Are Humans Apes, Monkeys, Primates, or Hominims?".
"Rehabilitating "Monkey"".
"AskOxford: M". Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World (6th ed.). Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801857898.
"Mandrill". ARKive. 2005. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
Fleagle, J. G. (1998). Primate Adaptation and Evolution (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-0-12-260341-9.
Nengo, Isaiah; Tafforeau, Paul; Gilbert, Christopher C.; Fleagle, John G.; Miller, Ellen R.; Feibel, Craig; Fox, David L.; Feinberg, Josh; Pugh, Kelsey D. (2017). "New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution". Nature. 548 (7666): 169–174. doi:10.1038/nature23456.
Ryan, Timothy M.; Silcox, Mary T.; Walker, Alan; Mao, Xianyun; Begun, David R.; Benefit, Brenda R.; Gingerich, Philip D.; Köhler, Meike; Kordos, László (2012-09-07). "Evolution of locomotion in Anthropoidea: the semicircular canal evidence". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1742): 3467–3475. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0939. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 3396915 Freely accessible. PMID 22696520.
Yapuncich, Gabriel S.; Seiffert, Erik R.; Boyer, Doug M. (2017-06-01). "Quantification of the position and depth of the flexor hallucis longus groove in euarchontans, with implications for the evolution of primate positional behavior". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 163 (2): 367–406. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23213. ISSN 1096-8644.
"Amphipithecidae - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
"Eosimiidae - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
"Parapithecoidea - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
Marivaux, Laurent; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Baqri, Syed Rafiqul Hassan; Benammi, Mouloud; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Crochet, Jean-Yves; Franceschi, Dario de; Iqbal, Nayyer; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (2005-06-14). "Anthropoid primates from the Oligocene of Pakistan (Bugti Hills): Data on early anthropoid evolution and biogeography". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (24): 8436–8441. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503469102. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1150860 Freely accessible. PMID 15937103.
Hill, C. M. (2000). "Conflict of Interest Between People and Baboons: Crop Raiding in Uganda". International Journal of Primatology. 21 (2): 299–315. doi:10.1023/A:1005481605637.
Siex, K. S.; Struhsaker, T. T. (1999). "Colobus monkeys and coconuts: A study of perceived human-wildlife conflicts". Journal of Applied Ecology. 36 (6): 1009–1020. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00455.x.
Brennan, E. J.; Else, J. G.; Altmann, J. (1985). "Ecology and behaviour of a pest primate: Vervet monkeys in a tourist-lodge habitat". African Journal of Ecology. 23: 35–44. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1985.tb00710.x.
Sheredos, S. J. (1991). "An evaluation of capuchin monkeys trained to help severely disabled individuals" (PDF). The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 28 (2): 91–96. doi:10.1682/JRRD.1991.04.0091.
"The supply and use of primates in the EU". European Biomedical Research Association. 1996. Archived from the original on 2012-01-17.
Carlsson, H. E.; Schapiro, S. J.; Farah, I.; Hau, J. (2004). "Use of primates in research: A global overview". American Journal of Primatology. 63 (4): 225–237. doi:10.1002/ajp.20054. PMID 15300710.
Weatherall, D., et al., (The Weatherall Committee) (2006). The use of non-human primates in research (PDF) (Report). London, UK: Academy of Medical Sciences.
Bushnell, D. (1958). "The beginnings of research in space biology at the Air Force Missile Development Center, 1946–1952". History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics. NASA. Archived from the original on 2013-04-10. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
Bonné, J. (2005-10-28). "Some bravery as a side dish". msnbc.com. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
Institut De Recherche Pour Le Développement (2002). "Primate Bushmeat : Populations Exposed To Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
Cooper, J. C. (1992). Symbolic and Mythological Animals. London: Aquarian Press. pp. 161–63. ISBN 1-85538-118-4.
Benson, E. (1972). The Mochica: A Culture of Peru. New York: Praeger Press. ISBN 978-0-500-72001-1.
Berrin, K. & Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera (1997). The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-01802-6.

    Lau, T. (2005). The Handbook of Chinese Horoscopes (5th ed.). New York: Souvenir Press. pp. 238–244. ISBN 978-0060777777.

Literature cited

    Groves, C. (2008). Extended Family: Long Lost Cousins. Conservation International. ISBN 978-1-934151-25-9. OCLC 300051037.

External links
    Wikiquote has quotations related to: monkeys
    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monkey.

    "The Impossible Housing and Handling Conditions of Monkeys in Research Laboratories", by Viktor Reinhardt, International Primate Protection League, August 2001
    The Problem with Pet Monkeys: Reasons Monkeys Do Not Make Good Pets, an article by veterinarian Lianne McLeod on About.com
    Helping Hands: Monkey helpers for the disabled, a U.S. national non-profit organization based in Boston Massachusetts that places specially trained capuchin monkeys with people who are paralyzed or who live with other severe mobility impairments

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LEU
FECIOARA
BALANTA
SCORPION
SAGETATOR
CAPRICORN
VARSATOR
PESTI
Horoscop
HOROSCOP ZILNIC
HOROSCOP COPII
HOROSCOP DRAGOSTE
HOROSCOP SAPTAMANAL
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ZODIAC CHINEZESC
CE ZODIE SUNT
Ce zodie sunt
Berbec (21 martie - 20 aprilie) Este primul semn cardinal al zodiacului, iar principala planetă guvernatoare este Marte. **** Marte este cunoscut drept zeul războiului, Berbecii sunt prin excelență luptătorii zodiacului. Plini de energie și îndrăzneți, ei își forțează în permanență limitele, căutând să obțină câștiguri imediate din orice. În dragoste, nativii din această zodie nu sunt foarte statornici și pun mare accent pe senzualitate. Impulsivii Berbeci au ca semn definitoriu focul, iar piatra ce îi reprezintă este Diamantul. Meseriile indicate pentru cei născuți sub acest semn zodiacal sunt: pompier, polițist, mecanic, constructor, militar, ghid.   

Taur (21 aprilie - 21 mai) Semn de pământ și guvernat de planeta Venus, semnul zodiacal Taur se definește prin munca susținută și dragostea pentru familie. Nativii din această zodie sunt preocupați de bunurile materiale și sunt în general buni afaceriști. Cei care nu se ocupă de afaceri, pot deveni cu ușurință artiști pentru că Venus le oferă inspirație și sensibilitate. Zodia Taurului mai este asociată cu apetitul greu de stăvilit, așa că de cele mai multe ori nativii zodiei nu sunt trași prin inel. Piatra prețioasă ce îi definește cel mai bine este agatul, iar meseriile potrivite pentru nativi sunt: cântăreț, bucătar, casier, agent imobiliar, medic.   

Gemeni (22 mai - 21 iunie) Guvernat de planeta Mercur, semnul zodical Gemeni este unul dintre semnele de aer, caracterizat de instabilitate și dualitate. De cele mai multe ori un nativ din Gemeni va încerca să fie un mic Napoleon și să ducă la bun sfârșit toate activitățile pe care le desfășoară în acleași timp. De obicei abandonează toate sarcinile pe parcurs, de unde și impresia de neseriozitate. Cei născuți sub semnul Gemeni sunt buni comunicatori și mulți dintre ei se afirmă în domenii ce țin de finanțe pentru că au simțul banului. Piatra ce îi reprezintă cel mai bine este acvamarinul, iar meseriile potrivite pentru ei sunt: scriitor, jurnalist, sportiv, comerciant.   

Rac (22 iunie - 21 iulie) Caracterizat de sensibilitate și dispoziții schimbătoare, semnul zodiacal al Racului este guvernat de Lună. Este un semn de apă, pentru care sentimentele sunt mereu pe primul plan. Perseverența de care dă dovadă și tenacitatea cu care își urmărește toate scopurile, il fac pe nativul din Rac să pară imposibil de oprit. Conservator și tradiționalist, Racul se concentrează de obicei pe familie. Nu este interesat de o viață socială prea activă pentru că de cele mai multe ori agitația ăl va irita pe nativul din zodia Rac. Piatra potrivită pentru Rac este onixul negru, iar de cele mai potrivite ocupații sunt următoarele: notar, istoric, paznic, marinar, îngrijitor, educator.   

Leu (23 iulie - 22 august) Ambițios și mândru, nativul Leu este guvernat de Soare și are ca element definitoriu focul. Nativii din acestă zodie sunt lideri înnăscuți, au o puternică stăpânire de sine și curaj nemăsurat. Cei născuți sub acest semn, caută în permanență admirația și atenția celorlalți. Criticile sunt cu greu suportate de acest nativ și tinde mereu spre acumularea de posesiuni materiale. Dragostea este în general intensă, dar are tendința să își domine partenerul. Pentru nativii din Leu piatra reprezentativă este rubinul, iar la nivel profesional cel mai bine se descurcă în următoarele meserii: director, administrator, bijutier, ambasador, manechin, comandant în armată.   

Fecioară (23 august – 22 septembrie) Este un semn de pământ, guvernat de planeta Mercur. Spirit analitic și rezervat, nativul din Fecioară nu pune mare preț pe sentimente, ci pe rațiune. Nimic din viața Fecioarei nu este făcut la întâmplare și mai ales când vine vorba despre investiții. Din păcate, nativul din această zodie nu se poate baza pe spontaneitate. Teama este o altă caracteristică pentru acest semn zodiacal. Orice schimbare a planului făcut inițial îi sperie și inhibă. Nativii din această zodie sunt foarte dedicați meseriei și doresc să obțină ce au nevoie prin effort personal. Piatra reprezenttivă pentru aceaastă zodie este safirul, iar meseriile potrivite: contabil, bibliotecar, sudor, farmacist, desenator.



Balanță (23 septembrie - 22 octombrie) Zodie guvernată de planeta Venus și semn de aer, Balanță este justițiarul zodiacului. Caută armonia și corectitudinea, precum și o viață socială cât mai activă. Generozitatea de care dă dovdă nu este doar o mască, un nativ din Balanță neavând nevoie de apreciere pentru gesturile frumoase pe care le face. Având o putere foarte mare de adaptare, Balanța poate face față cu ușurință unor schimbări majore. Este zodia căsătoriei și a cuplului pentru că atașamentul este deosebit de important pentru nativul din Balanță. Piatra prețioasă ce îi reprezintă pe cei năascuți sub acest semn zodiacal este jadul, iar cele mai indicate meserii ar fi: fotograf, actor, scriitor, editor, judecător.   

Scorpion (23 octombrie - 21 noiembrie) Guvernată de Pluto și semn de apă, zodia Scorpionului este caracterizată în mare parte de orgoliu, dar și onestitate la care se adaugă putere de muncă. Plini de energie și gata de a se aventura în orice situații, Scorpionii sunt dominați de dorința de reușită. Vor să iasă în față și să conducă dacă este posibil. Intuiția și spiritul analitic sunt două dintre punctele forte ale nativilor din această zodie. Scorpionul de obicei trăiește emoții puternice pe care rar le expune în fața celorlalți. Cei născuți sub acest semn, rar iartă greșelile celor din jur și în general caută mijloaace de răzbunare. Piatra potrivită pentru Scorpioni este topazul, iar ocupațiile potrivite sunt: arheolog, farmacist, polițist, medium.   

Săgetător (22 noiembrie - 21 decembrie) Este un semn de foc, ce are ca planetă guvernatoare pe Jupiter. Săgetătorii sunt în general caracterizați de contradicții. Pe plan emoțional sunt extrem de schimbători, așadar acum pot resimți emoții puernice față de un aspect, ba chiar și entuziam, după care devine total indiferent și abandonează fără regete situația. Totuși nativii acestei zodii sunt cunocuți pentru generozitate și inima deschisă. Ține foarte mult la opiniile lui și este pasionat de studiu. Poate modera cu ușurință o discuție și o aduce exact unde își dorea. Uneori nativii din Săgetător pot deveni duplicitari și de asemenea pot afișa cu ușurință un zâmbet fals. Piatra potrivită pentru Săgetător este turcoazul, iar meseriile în care s-ar descurca fără probleme: preot, filosof, medic, translator, agent de turism.   

Capricorn (22 decembrie - 20 ianuarie) Semn de pământ și supravegheat de planeta Saturn, Capricornul este prudent și are un puternic spirit practic. De obicei nu poartă ranchiună, dar dacă cineva i-a adresat cuvinte nepotrivite va ține minte. Se dedică foarte mult căminului și orice activitate în care se implică este desfășurată cu simțul răspunderii. Pentru nativii din Capricorn, doar scopul final al unei sarcini contează și este capabil de mari eforturi pentru a duce la bun sfârșit totul. De asemenea, Capricornul pune mai accent pe ordine și chibzuiește atent până să ia o decizie. Cel mai bine i se potrivește ca piatră granatul, iar la nivel ocupațional poate cu succes lucra în următoarele domenii: agricultură, minerit, geologie, medicină.   

Vărsător (21 ianuarie - 18 Februarie) Zodia Vărsătorului este guvernată de planeta Uranus și este un semn de aer. Nativii acsetui semn sunt de obicei preocupaați de comunicare și țin în mod deosebit la idea de comunitate. Prețuiește solidaritatea și poate fi oricând dispus să renunțe la posesiunile sale în favoarea altora. Nu îi place să primească restricții de niciun fel, de aceea se va supune cu greu regulilor societății, fiind mereu considerați neadaptați. Cei născuți în semnul Vărsătorului sunt extrem de sentimentali și pun accent în principal pe emoții. Piatra ce îi reprezintă pe nativi este ametistul și vor excela în meserii precum: electrician, fotograf, tehnician, psiholog.   

Pești (19 februarie - 20 martie) Semn de apă, guvernat de planeta Neptun, nativul din zodia Pești poate părea prea visător. Timid și retras ntivul pune mare accent pe compasiune și sacrificiu. Este gata oricând să se sacrifice pentru cei dragi. Din cauza firii sale visătoare, nativul din zodia Pești ia cu greu decizii, iar confuzia pune ușor stăpânire pe el. Își consumă resurele de energie în luarea deciziilor și de cele mai multe ori nu mai are inițiative, ci rămâne pasiv. Simțul artistic al Peștilor este destul de ridicat, de aceea o carieră în domeniul artistic este foarte posibilă. Piatra reprezentativă pentru cei din zodia Pești este acvamarinul. Cele mai potrivite ocupații ar fi următoarele: pedagog, fotograf, psihiatru, poet, pescar, scafandru.
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Monkey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Monkey (disambiguation).
For the similar monophyletic clade, see Simian.
Monkey
Fossil range: Late Eocene–Present[1]
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Wild toque macaque (Macaca sinica) in Yala National Park, Sri Lanka
Wild toque macaque (Macaca sinica) in Yala National Park, Sri Lanka
Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Mammalia
Order:     Primates
Suborder:     Haplorhini
Infraorder:     Simiiformes[a]
Haeckel, 1866
Included groups

    Callitrichidae
    Cebidae
    Aotidae
    Pitheciidae
    Atelidae
    Cercopithecidae
    †Parapithecidae

Cladistically included but traditionally excluded groups

Hominoidea

Monkeys are non-hominoid simians, generally possessing tails and consisting of about 260 known living species. Many monkey species are tree-dwelling (arboreal), although there are species that live primarily on the ground, such as baboons. Most species are also active during the day (diurnal). Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent, particularly Old World monkeys.

There are two major types of monkey: New World monkeys (platyrrhines) from South and Central America and Old World monkeys (catarrhines of the superfamily Cercopithecoidea) from Africa and Asia. Apes (hominoids)—consisting of gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans—are also catarrines but are classically distinguished from monkeys.[3][4][5][6] (Tailless monkeys may be called "apes", incorrectly according to modern usage; thus the tailless Barbary macaque is sometimes called the "Barbary ape".) Simians and tarsiers emerged within haplorrhines some 60 million years ago. New World monkeys and catarrhine monkeys emerged within the simians some 35 million years ago. Old World monkeys and Hominoidea emerged within the catarrhine monkeys some 25 million years ago. Extinct basal simians such as Aegyptopithecus or Parapithecus [35-32 million years ago] are also considered monkeys by primatologists.

Lemurs, lorises, and galagos are not monkeys; instead they are strepsirrhine primates. Like monkeys, tarsiers are haplorhine primates; however, they are also not monkeys.

Apes emerged within the catarrhines with the Old World monkeys as a sister group, so cladistically they are monkeys as well. However, traditionally apes are not considered monkeys, rendering this grouping paraphyletic. The smallest clade that includes all monkeys and hence their ape offshoot are the simians.

Contents

    1 Historical and modern terminology
    2 Description
    3 Classification
        3.1 Cladogram with extinct families
    4 Gallery
    5 Relationship with humans
        5.1 As service animals for the disabled
        5.2 In experiments
            5.2.1 In space
        5.3 As food
        5.4 Literature
        5.5 Religion and worship
        5.6 Zodiac
    6 See also
    7 Notes
    8 References
        8.1 Literature cited
    9 External links

Historical and modern terminology

According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word "monkey" may originate in a German version of the Reynard the Fox fable, published circa 1580. In this version of the fable, a character named Moneke is the son of Martin the Ape.[7] In English, no very clear distinction was originally made between "ape" and "monkey"; thus the 1910 Encyclopædia Britannica entry for "ape" notes that it is either a synonym for "monkey" or is used to mean a tailless humanlike primate.[8] Colloquially, the terms "monkey" and "ape" are widely used interchangeably.[9] Also, a few monkey species have the word "ape" in their common name, such as the Barbary ape.

Later in the first half of the 20th century, the idea developed that there were trends in primate evolution and that the living members of the order could be arranged in a series, leading through "monkeys" and "apes" to humans.[10] Monkeys thus constituted a "grade" on the path to humans and were distinguished from "apes".

Scientific classifications are now more often based on monophyletic groups, that is groups consisting of all the descendants of a common ancestor. The New World monkeys and the Old World monkeys are each monophyletic groups, but their combination is not, since it excludes hominoids (apes and humans). Thus the term "monkey" no longer refers to a recognized scientific taxon. The smallest accepted taxon which contains all the monkeys is the infraorder Simiiformes, or simians. However this also contains the hominoids (apes and humans), so that monkeys are, in terms of currently recognized taxa, non-hominoid simians. Colloquially and pop-culturally, the term is ambiguous and sometimes monkey includes non-human hominoids.[11] In addition, frequent arguments are made for a monophyletic usage of the word "monkey" from the perspective that usage should reflect cladistics.[12][13][14][15]

A group of monkeys may be commonly referred to as a tribe or a troop.[16]
Description

Monkeys range in size from the pygmy marmoset, which can be as small as 117 millimetres (4.6 in) with a 172-millimetre (6.8 in) tail and just over 100 grams (3.5 oz) in weight,[17] to the male mandrill, almost 1 metre (3.3 ft) long and weighing up to 36 kilograms (79 lb).[18] Some are arboreal (living in trees) while others live on the savanna; diets differ among the various species but may contain any of the following: fruit, leaves, seeds, nuts, flowers, eggs and small animals (including insects and spiders).[19]

Some characteristics are shared among the groups; most New World monkeys have prehensile tails while Old World monkeys have non-prehensile tails or no visible tail at all. Old World monkeys have trichromatic color vision like that of humans, while New World monkeys may be trichromatic, dichromatic, or—as in the owl monkeys and greater galagos—monochromatic. Although both the New and Old World monkeys, like the apes, have forward-facing eyes, the faces of Old World and New World monkeys look very different, though again, each group shares some features such as the types of noses, cheeks and rumps.[19]
Classification

The following list shows where the various monkey families (bolded) are placed in the classification of living (extant) primates.

    ORDER PRIMATES
        Suborder Strepsirrhini: lemurs, lorises, and galagos
        Suborder Haplorhini: tarsiers, monkeys, and apes
            Infraorder Tarsiiformes
                Family Tarsiidae: tarsiers
            Infraorder Simiiformes: simians
                Parvorder Platyrrhini: New World monkeys
                    Family Callitrichidae: marmosets and tamarins (42 species)
                    Family Cebidae: capuchins and squirrel monkeys (14 species)
                    Family Aotidae: night monkeys (11 species)
                    Family Pitheciidae: titis, sakis, and uakaris (41 species)
                    Family Atelidae: howler, spider, and woolly monkeys (24 species)
                Parvorder Catarrhini
                    Superfamily Cercopithecoidea
                        Family Cercopithecidae: Old World monkeys (135 species)
                    Superfamily Hominoidea: apes
                        Family Hylobatidae: gibbons ("lesser apes") (17 species)
                        Family Hominidae: great apes (including humans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans) (7 species)

Cladogram with extinct families

Below is a cladogram with some extinct monkey families.[20][21][22] Generally, extinct non-hominoid simians, including early Catarrhines are discussed as monkeys as well as simians or anthropoidea,[3][4][5] which cladistically means that Hominoidea are monkeys as well, restoring monkeys as a single grouping. It is indicated approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades.[23][24][25][26] It is thought the New World monkeys started as drifted "Old World monkey" group from the old world (probably Aftrica) to the new world (South America).[4]
Haplorhini (64)   

   

Tarsiiformes

Simian   

   

Eosimiidae s.s. (†37 Mya)

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    Settled    Ref Id    Placed    Description         Avg. Odds    Stake    Status    DR
(£)    CR
(£)    Balance
(£)   
    2018-04-06
16:22    121384788005    2018-04-06
16:15    GB Font 6th Apr / 16:15 2m6f Hcap Hrd
Comm Charged 3.1% On Net winnings of GBP100         -    -    -    (3.10)         22,351.93
    2018-04-06
16:22    121384788005    2018-04-06
16:15    GB Font 6th Apr / 16:15 2m6f Hcap Hrd / Norse Legend
Lay         5.20    100.00    Won         100.00    22,355.03
    2018-04-06
15:31    121380217399    2018-04-06
15:22    GB Ling 6th Apr / 15:25 To Be Placed
Comm Charged 3.1% On Net winnings of GBP105         -    -    -    (3.26)         22,255.03
    2018-04-06
15:31    121380217399    2018-04-06
15:22    GB Ling 6th Apr / 15:25 To Be Placed / Cayuga
Back         1.35    300.00    Won         105.00    22,258.29

ZODIE  >> THE BETTING AND FORUM LEGEND

Monkey brains are eaten as a delicacy in parts of South Asia, Africa and China.[35] In traditional Islamic dietary laws, the eating of monkeys is forbidden. However, monkeys are sometimes eaten in parts of Africa, where they can be sold as "bushmeat".[36]
Literature
Illustration of Indian monkeys known as bandar from the illuminated manuscript Baburnama (Memoirs of Babur)

Sun Wukong (the "Monkey King"), a character who figures prominently in Chinese mythology, is the protagonist in the classic comic Chinese novel Journey to the West.

Monkeys are prevalent in numerous books, television programs, and movies. The television series Monkey and the literary characters Monsieur Eek and Curious George are all examples.

Informally, the term "monkey" is often used more broadly than in scientific use and may be used to refer to apes, particularly chimpanzees, gibbons, and gorillas. Author Terry Pratchett alludes to this difference in usage in his Discworld novels, in which the Librarian of the Unseen University is an orangutan who gets very violent if referred to as a monkey. Another example is the use of Simians in Chinese poetry.

The winged monkeys are prominent characters in The Wizard of Oz.
Religion and worship
Simian statue at a Buddhist shrine in Tokyo, Japan
A statue of Hanuman

Hanuman, a prominent divine entity in Hinduism, is a human-like monkey god who is believed to bestow courage, strength and longevity to the person who thinks about him or the god Rama.

In Buddhism, the monkey is an early incarnation of Buddha but may also represent trickery and ugliness. The Chinese Buddhist "mind monkey" metaphor refers to the unsettled, restless state of human mind. Monkey is also one of the Three Senseless Creatures, symbolizing greed, with the tiger representing anger and the deer lovesickness.

The Sanzaru, or three wise monkeys, are revered in Japanese folklore; together they embody the proverbial principle to "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil".[37]

The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped nature.[38] They placed emphasis on animals and often depicted monkeys in their art.[39]

The Tzeltal people of Mexico worshipped monkeys as incarnations of their dead ancestors.
Zodiac

The Monkey (猴) is the ninth in the twelve-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The next time that the monkey will appear as the zodiac sign will be in the year 2028.[40]
See also

    iconMammals portal

    List of New World monkey species
    List of Old World monkey species
    List of individual monkeys
    List of fictional primates
    List of primates by population
    Monkey Day
    Signifying monkey

Notes

    When Carl Linnaeus defined the genus Simia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, it included all non-human monkeys and apes (simians).[2] Although "monkey" was never a taxonomic name, and is instead a vernacular name for a paraphyletic group, its members fall under the infraorder Simiiformes.

References

Fleagle, J.; Gilbert, C. Rowe, N.; Myers, M., eds. "Primate Evolution: John Fleagle and Chris Gilbert". All the World's Primates. Primate Conservation, Inc. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
Groves 2008, pp. 92–93.
Dobzhansky, Theodosius; Hecht, Max K.; Steere, William C. (2012-12-06). Evolutionary Biology. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781468490633.
"Early Primate Evolution: The First Primates". anthro.palomar.edu. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
Bajpai, Sunil; Kay, Richard F.; Williams, Blythe A.; Das, Debasis P.; Kapur, Vivesh V.; Tiwari, B. N. (2008-08-12). "The oldest Asian record of Anthropoidea". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (32): 11093–11098. doi:10.1073/pnas.0804159105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2516236 Freely accessible. PMID 18685095.
Delson, Eric; Tattersall, Ian; Couvering, John Van; Brooks, Alison S. (2004-11-23). Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory: Second Edition. Routledge. ISBN 9781135582289.
Harper, D. (2004). "Monkey". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
"Ape". Encyclopædia Britannica. XIX (11th ed.). New York: Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. p. 160. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/monkey
Dixson, A. F. (1981). The Natural History of the Gorilla. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-297-77895-0.
Susman, Gary. "10 Best Monkeys at the Movies". Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
"If Apes Evolved From Monkeys, Why Are There Still Monkeys?".
"Apes are monkeys, deal with it".
"Are Humans Apes, Monkeys, Primates, or Hominims?".
"Rehabilitating "Monkey"".
"AskOxford: M". Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World (6th ed.). Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801857898.
"Mandrill". ARKive. 2005. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
Fleagle, J. G. (1998). Primate Adaptation and Evolution (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-0-12-260341-9.
Nengo, Isaiah; Tafforeau, Paul; Gilbert, Christopher C.; Fleagle, John G.; Miller, Ellen R.; Feibel, Craig; Fox, David L.; Feinberg, Josh; Pugh, Kelsey D. (2017). "New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution". Nature. 548 (7666): 169–174. doi:10.1038/nature23456.
Ryan, Timothy M.; Silcox, Mary T.; Walker, Alan; Mao, Xianyun; Begun, David R.; Benefit, Brenda R.; Gingerich, Philip D.; Köhler, Meike; Kordos, László (2012-09-07). "Evolution of locomotion in Anthropoidea: the semicircular canal evidence". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1742): 3467–3475. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0939. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 3396915 Freely accessible. PMID 22696520.
Yapuncich, Gabriel S.; Seiffert, Erik R.; Boyer, Doug M. (2017-06-01). "Quantification of the position and depth of the flexor hallucis longus groove in euarchontans, with implications for the evolution of primate positional behavior". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 163 (2): 367–406. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23213. ISSN 1096-8644.
"Amphipithecidae - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
"Eosimiidae - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
"Parapithecoidea - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
Marivaux, Laurent; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Baqri, Syed Rafiqul Hassan; Benammi, Mouloud; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Crochet, Jean-Yves; Franceschi, Dario de; Iqbal, Nayyer; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (2005-06-14). "Anthropoid primates from the Oligocene of Pakistan (Bugti Hills): Data on early anthropoid evolution and biogeography". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (24): 8436–8441. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503469102. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1150860 Freely accessible. PMID 15937103.
Hill, C. M. (2000). "Conflict of Interest Between People and Baboons: Crop Raiding in Uganda". International Journal of Primatology. 21 (2): 299–315. doi:10.1023/A:1005481605637.
Siex, K. S.; Struhsaker, T. T. (1999). "Colobus monkeys and coconuts: A study of perceived human-wildlife conflicts". Journal of Applied Ecology. 36 (6): 1009–1020. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00455.x.
Brennan, E. J.; Else, J. G.; Altmann, J. (1985). "Ecology and behaviour of a pest primate: Vervet monkeys in a tourist-lodge habitat". African Journal of Ecology. 23: 35–44. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1985.tb00710.x.
Sheredos, S. J. (1991). "An evaluation of capuchin monkeys trained to help severely disabled individuals" (PDF). The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 28 (2): 91–96. doi:10.1682/JRRD.1991.04.0091.
"The supply and use of primates in the EU". European Biomedical Research Association. 1996. Archived from the original on 2012-01-17.
Carlsson, H. E.; Schapiro, S. J.; Farah, I.; Hau, J. (2004). "Use of primates in research: A global overview". American Journal of Primatology. 63 (4): 225–237. doi:10.1002/ajp.20054. PMID 15300710.
Weatherall, D., et al., (The Weatherall Committee) (2006). The use of non-human primates in research (PDF) (Report). London, UK: Academy of Medical Sciences.
Bushnell, D. (1958). "The beginnings of research in space biology at the Air Force Missile Development Center, 1946–1952". History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics. NASA. Archived from the original on 2013-04-10. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
Bonné, J. (2005-10-28). "Some bravery as a side dish". msnbc.com. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
Institut De Recherche Pour Le Développement (2002). "Primate Bushmeat : Populations Exposed To Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
Cooper, J. C. (1992). Symbolic and Mythological Animals. London: Aquarian Press. pp. 161–63. ISBN 1-85538-118-4.
Benson, E. (1972). The Mochica: A Culture of Peru. New York: Praeger Press. ISBN 978-0-500-72001-1.
Berrin, K. & Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera (1997). The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-01802-6.

    Lau, T. (2005). The Handbook of Chinese Horoscopes (5th ed.). New York: Souvenir Press. pp. 238–244. ISBN 978-0060777777.

Literature cited

    Groves, C. (2008). Extended Family: Long Lost Cousins. Conservation International. ISBN 978-1-934151-25-9. OCLC 300051037.

External links
    Wikiquote has quotations related to: monkeys
    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monkey.

    "The Impossible Housing and Handling Conditions of Monkeys in Research Laboratories", by Viktor Reinhardt, International Primate Protection League, August 2001
    The Problem with Pet Monkeys: Reasons Monkeys Do Not Make Good Pets, an article by veterinarian Lianne McLeod on About.com
    Helping Hands: Monkey helpers for the disabled, a U.S. national non-profit organization based in Boston Massachusetts that places specially trained capuchin monkeys with people who are paralyzed or who live with other severe mobility impairments

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mouse muldoon

mouse muldoon
05 Apr 18 23:30
Joined: 05 Jun 03
| Topic/replies: 3,774 | Blogger: mouse muldoon's blog
How much have you lost gambling?
46 posts / 0 new
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Posted by
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#1 Posted on: Fri, 27/10/2017 - 11:26

myfreedom

Joined:
2012-08-14

How much have you lost gambling and in what period of time ? Are you in debt?

Lets start. I've lost more than 300k in 12 years.

Let's see...
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#2 Posted on: Fri, 27/10/2017 - 13:46

Unicorntears

Joined:
2017-10-14

I would say around 30k in 5 years currently owe and paying back  around 12k :(
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#3 Posted on: Fri, 27/10/2017 - 14:34

Oldhamktf

Joined:
2015-09-26

My family, the trust of people and my self-respect it took me about 20 years to eventually loss all this. I am in debt to the few who stuck by me and those who helped my get through each day.
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#4 Posted on: Fri, 27/10/2017 - 15:05

Sam Crow

Joined:
2012-02-23

When I finally stopped I was 16.5k in debt (currently 9k outstanding) but I'd say I've lost easily double that over the years gambling.

I lost my fiancée as well although there were numerous factors on both sides of which my gambling played a part (I'll add my gambling got totally out of control like never before after the breakup)

I lost all value of money. At one stage I thought I was losing my mind also
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#5 Posted on: Fri, 27/10/2017 - 15:23

Adamjamal2014-2017

Joined:
2017-06-11

Total of 18.5k over 3.5 years of gambling. I did not have savings. I never gambled before in my life....This was credit cards and overdraft money. Currently i owe 16.5k.
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#6 Posted on: Fri, 27/10/2017 - 16:58

Forum admin

Joined:
2010-11-01

Hi myfreedom,



A topic which will resonate with many on the forum I'm sure, it can be good to acknowledge what's been lost, if that helps you to acknowledge the loss and move on. But perhaps also remember that however much the loss, if it's a problem then it's a problem.

Often it can be the non-monetary losses that are the worse type of loss for people anyway, such as loss of relationships and trust.



Best wishes

Forum admin.




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A MOST REMARKABLE USE OF THE COMMA

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I'm thick, Mouse?

I'm very thick, Mouse. How strange is that to know you're thick?

I'm tired and hungry as well, and the breakfast with toasted and fried flat cakes are on there way, which I must eat, all four of them.

Good evening, Mouse and Willie, and it's Saturday tomorrow, and I will we will all have a good day, Gentlemen.

MORNING DISCIPLES,,

THE "DOUBLE DAILY MONKEY" COPPED AGAIN YESTERDAY,,,,

SO LOOK AFTER THIS FOR ME MR BARCLAY

    Settled    Ref Id    Placed    Description         Avg. Odds    Stake    Status    DR
(£)    CR
(£)    Balance
(£)   
    2018-04-07
08:59    200000162849112    2018-04-07
08:59    Card Payment - XXXX6251         -    -    -    (4,000.00)         18,488.87
    2018-04-07
00:09    121395178775    2018-04-06
17:52    US Masters 2018 2nd Round 3 Balls / 18:27-Woods
Comm Charged 3.1% On Net winnings of GBP200         -    -    -    (6.20)         22,488.87
    2018-04-07
00:09    121395178775    2018-04-06
17:52    US Masters 2018 2nd Round 3 Balls / 18:27-Woods / Tiger Woods
Lay         2.70    200.00    Won         200.00    22,495.07

I CANT STAND THE SOUND OF GROWN MEN CRYING 

SO I'M TAKING A FEW DAYS OFF,, JUST LOVE BEING ON THE BACK BENCHES

IF YOU ARE PLAYING ,, BE LUCKY AND BET CAREFULLY

HAVE A NICE WEEKEND,, I'LL SEE YOU NEXT WEEK !!!!!!!!!

ZODIE >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>  THE LEGEND

A MOST REMARKABLE USE OF THE COMMA

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mouse muldoon

mouse muldoon
06 Apr 18 23:20
Joined: 05 Jun 03
| Topic/replies: 3,803 | Blogger: mouse muldoon's blog
onkey brains are eaten as a delicacy in parts of South Asia, Africa and China.[35] In traditional Islamic dietary laws, the eating of monkeys is forbidden. However, monkeys are sometimes eaten in parts of Africa, where they can be sold as "bushmeat".[36]
Literature
Illustration of Indian monkeys known as bandar from the illuminated manuscript Baburnama (Memoirs of Babur)

Zodie (the "Monkey King"), a character who figures prominently in Chinese mythology, is the protagonist in the classic comic Chinese novel Journey to the West.

Monkeys are prevalent in numerous books, television programs, and movies. The television series Monkey and the literary characters Monsieur Eek and Curious George are all examples.

Informally, the term "monkey" is often used more broadly than in scientific use and may be used to refer to apes, particularly chimpanzees, gibbons, and gorillas. Author Terry Pratchett alludes to this difference in usage in his Discworld novels, in which the Librarian of the Unseen University is an orangutan who gets very violent if referred to as a monkey. Another example is the use of Simians in Chinese poetry.
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Cutter27

Cutter27
06 Apr 18 23:21
Joined: 01 Mar 18
| Topic/replies: 185 | Blogger: Cutter27's blog
I'm thick, Mouse?

Monkey brains are eaten as a delicacy in parts of South Asia, Africa and China.[35] In traditional Islamic dietary laws, the eating of monkeys is forbidden. However, monkeys are sometimes eaten in parts of Africa, where they can be sold as "bushmeat".[36]
Literature
Illustration of Indian monkeys known as bandar from the illuminated manuscript Baburnama (Memoirs of Babur)

Sun Wukong (the "Monkey King"), a character who figures prominently in Chinese mythology, is the protagonist in the classic comic Chinese novel Journey to the West.

Monkeys are prevalent in numerous books, television programs, and movies. The television series Monkey and the literary characters Monsieur Eek and Curious George are all examples.

Informally, the term "monkey" is often used more broadly than in scientific use and may be used to refer to apes, particularly chimpanzees, gibbons, and gorillas. Author Terry Pratchett alludes to this difference in usage in his Discworld novels, in which the Librarian of the Unseen University is an orangutan who gets very violent if referred to as a monkey. Another example is the use of Simians in Chinese poetry.

The winged monkeys are prominent characters in The Wizard of Oz.
Religion and worship
Simian statue at a Buddhist shrine in Tokyo, Japan
A statue of Hanuman

Hanuman, a prominent divine entity in Hinduism, is a human-like monkey god who is believed to bestow courage, strength and longevity to the person who thinks about him or the god Rama.

In Buddhism, the monkey is an early incarnation of Buddha but may also represent trickery and ugliness. The Chinese Buddhist "mind monkey" metaphor refers to the unsettled, restless state of human mind. Monkey is also one of the Three Senseless Creatures, symbolizing greed, with the tiger representing anger and the deer lovesickness.

The Sanzaru, or three wise monkeys, are revered in Japanese folklore; together they embody the proverbial principle to "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil".[37]

The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped nature.[38] They placed emphasis on animals and often depicted monkeys in their art.[39]

The Tzeltal people of Mexico worshipped monkeys as incarnations of their dead ancestors.
Zodiac

The Monkey (猴) is the ninth in the twelve-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The next time that the monkey will appear as the zodiac sign will be in the year 2028.[40]
See also

    iconMammals portal

    List of New World monkey species
    List of Old World monkey species
    List of individual monkeys
    List of fictional primates
    List of primates by population
    Monkey Day
    Signifying monkey

Notes

    When Carl Linnaeus defined the genus Simia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, it included all non-human monkeys and apes (simians).[2] Although "monkey" was never a taxonomic name, and is instead a vernacular name for a paraphyletic group, its members fall under the infraorder Simiiformes.

References

Fleagle, J.; Gilbert, C. Rowe, N.; Myers, M., eds. "Primate Evolution: John Fleagle and Chris Gilbert". All the World's Primates. Primate Conservation, Inc. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
Groves 2008, pp. 92–93.
Dobzhansky, Theodosius; Hecht, Max K.; Steere, William C. (2012-12-06). Evolutionary Biology. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781468490633.
"Early Primate Evolution: The First Primates". anthro.palomar.edu. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
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Delson, Eric; Tattersall, Ian; Couvering, John Van; Brooks, Alison S. (2004-11-23). Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory: Second Edition. Routledge. ISBN 9781135582289.
Harper, D. (2004). "Monkey". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
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Dixson, A. F. (1981). The Natural History of the Gorilla. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-297-77895-0.
Susman, Gary. "10 Best Monkeys at the Movies". Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
"If Apes Evolved From Monkeys, Why Are There Still Monkeys?".
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"Are Humans Apes, Monkeys, Primates, or Hominims?".
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Nengo, Isaiah; Tafforeau, Paul; Gilbert, Christopher C.; Fleagle, John G.; Miller, Ellen R.; Feibel, Craig; Fox, David L.; Feinberg, Josh; Pugh, Kelsey D. (2017). "New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution". Nature. 548 (7666): 169–174. doi:10.1038/nature23456.
Ryan, Timothy M.; Silcox, Mary T.; Walker, Alan; Mao, Xianyun; Begun, David R.; Benefit, Brenda R.; Gingerich, Philip D.; Köhler, Meike; Kordos, László (2012-09-07). "Evolution of locomotion in Anthropoidea: the semicircular canal evidence". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1742): 3467–3475. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0939. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 3396915 Freely accessible. PMID 22696520.
Yapuncich, Gabriel S.; Seiffert, Erik R.; Boyer, Doug M. (2017-06-01). "Quantification of the position and depth of the flexor hallucis longus groove in euarchontans, with implications for the evolution of primate positional behavior". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 163 (2): 367–406. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23213. ISSN 1096-8644.
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Cooper, J. C. (1992). Symbolic and Mythological Animals. London: Aquarian Press. pp. 161–63. ISBN 1-85538-118-4.
Benson, E. (1972). The Mochica: A Culture of Peru. New York: Praeger Press. ISBN 978-0-500-72001-1.
Berrin, K. & Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera (1997). The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-01802-6.

    Lau, T. (2005). The Handbook of Chinese Horoscopes (5th ed.). New York: Souvenir Press. pp. 238–244. ISBN 978-0060777777.

Literature cited

    Groves, C. (2008). Extended Family: Long Lost Cousins. Conservation International. ISBN 978-1-934151-25-9. OCLC 300051037.

External links
    Wikiquote has quotations related to: monkeys
    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monkey.

    "The Impossible Housing and Handling Conditions of Monkeys in Research Laboratories", by Viktor Reinhardt, International Primate Protection League, August 2001
    The Problem with Pet Monkeys: Reasons Monkeys Do Not Make Good Pets, an article by veterinarian Lianne McLeod on About.com
    Helping Hands: Monkey helpers for the disabled, a U.S. national non-profit organization based in Boston Massachusetts that places specially trained capuchin monkeys with people who are paralyzed or who live with other severe mobility impairments

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mouse muldoon

mouse muldoon
05 Apr 18 23:30
Joined: 05 Jun 03
| Topic/replies: 3,774 | Blogger: mouse muldoon's blog
How much have you lost gambling?
46 posts / 0 new
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Posted by
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#1 Posted on: Fri, 27/10/2017 - 11:26

myfreedom

Joined:
2012-08-14

How much have you lost gambling and in what period of time ? Are you in debt?

Lets start. I've lost more than 300k in 12 years.

Let's see...
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#2 Posted on: Fri, 27/10/2017 - 13:46

Unicorntears

Joined:
2017-10-14

I would say around 30k in 5 years currently owe and paying back  around 12k :(
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#3 Posted on: Fri, 27/10/2017 - 14:34

Oldhamktf

Joined:
2015-09-26

My family, the trust of people and my self-respect it took me about 20 years to eventually loss all this. I am in debt to the few who stuck by me and those who helped my get through each day.
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#4 Posted on: Fri, 27/10/2017 - 15:05

Sam Crow

Joined:
2012-02-23

When I finally stopped I was 16.5k in debt (currently 9k outstanding) but I'd say I've lost easily double that over the years gambling.

I lost my fiancée as well although there were numerous factors on both sides of which my gambling played a part (I'll add my gambling got totally out of control like never before after the breakup)

I lost all value of money. At one stage I thought I was losing my mind also
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#5 Posted on: Fri, 27/10/2017 - 15:23

Adamjamal2014-2017

Joined:
2017-06-11

Total of 18.5k over 3.5 years of gambling. I did not have savings. I never gambled before in my life....This was credit cards and overdraft money. Currently i owe 16.5k.
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#6 Posted on: Fri, 27/10/2017 - 16:58

Forum admin

Joined:
2010-11-01

Hi myfreedom,



A topic which will resonate with many on the forum I'm sure, it can be good to acknowledge what's been lost, if that helps you to acknowledge the loss and move on. But perhaps also remember that however much the loss, if it's a problem then it's a problem.

Often it can be the non-monetary losses that are the worse type of loss for people anyway, such as loss of relationships and trust.



Best wishes

Forum admin.




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Can you post your p/l. For 30th march 2018.  Wullie/shaftertimer

Horse Racing: -£428.10  Total P&L:  -£428.10

Horse Racing     Showing 1 - 20 of 35 markets
Market     Start time     Settled date     Profit/loss (£)
Horse Racing / Bath 30th Mar : 4 TBP     30-Mar-18 17:05     30-Mar-18 17:14     7.03
Horse Racing / Bath 30th Mar : 5f Hcap     30-Mar-18 17:05     30-Mar-18 17:08     -129.00
Horse Racing / Newc 30th Mar : 3 TBP     30-Mar-18 16:55     30-Mar-18 17:01     3.14
Horse Racing / Newc 30th Mar : 1m2f Hcap     30-Mar-18 16:55     30-Mar-18 17:00     -112.38
Horse Racing / Ling 30th Mar : 4 TBP     30-Mar-18 16:40     30-Mar-18 16:48     8.94
Horse Racing / Ling 30th Mar : 1m2f Cond Stks     30-Mar-18 16:40     30-Mar-18 16:44     -292.52
Horse Racing / Newc 30th Mar : 4 TBP     30-Mar-18 16:25     30-Mar-18 16:35     8.62
Horse Racing / Newc 30th Mar : 5f Cond Stks     30-Mar-18 16:25     30-Mar-18 16:32     -200.00
Horse Racing / Ling 30th Mar : 4 TBP     30-Mar-18 16:10     30-Mar-18 16:15     -1.22
Horse Racing / Ling 30th Mar : 1m Cond Stks     30-Mar-18 16:10     30-Mar-18 16:13     -0.40
Horse Racing / Newc 30th Mar : 4 TBP     30-Mar-18 15:55     30-Mar-18 16:05     4.56
Horse Racing / Newc 30th Mar : 1m Listed     30-Mar-18 15:55     30-Mar-18 16:01     -75.80
Horse Racing / Ling 30th Mar : 4 TBP     30-Mar-18 15:40     30-Mar-18 15:48     15.80
Horse Racing / Ling 30th Mar : 2 TBP     30-Mar-18 15:40     30-Mar-18 15:48     -2.00
Horse Racing / Newc 30th Mar : 1m4f Hcap     30-Mar-18 15:20     30-Mar-18 15:40     38.32
Horse Racing / Bath 30th Mar : 3 TBP     30-Mar-18 15:30     30-Mar-18 15:34     4.68
Horse Racing / Bath 30th Mar : 6f Cond Stks     30-Mar-18 15:30     30-Mar-18 15:32     47.90
Horse Racing / Ling 30th Mar : 4 TBP     30-Mar-18 15:05     30-Mar-18 15:13     7.90
Horse Racing / Ling 30th Mar : 6f Cond Stks     30-Mar-18 15:05     30-Mar-18 15:11     -17.36
Horse Racing / Newc 30th Mar : 4 TBP     30-Mar-18 14:45     30-Mar-18 14:53     -29.81