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western problems? hmmmm
we are all descended from Adam. We are all one egg. How can we have evolved in such a branched way.
western problems? hmmmm
we are all descended from Adam. We are all one egg. How can we have evolved in such a branched way.
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Dyslexia isn't much of a problem if you can't read
I am delighted to invite you to participate in the first Conference on Dyslexia and Specific Learning Differences to be held in South East Asia from 21 - 22 November 2009 at the SPRING Singapore Auditorium in Bukit Merah Central, Singapore.
The Dyslexia Association of Singapore (DAS) intends that this Conference will bring together concerned teachers, other professionals and parents of children with specific learning differences in Singapore and the Asia Pacific to share their experiences and discuss important issues.
The DAS is deeply honoured to welcome distinguished speakers - Prof Robert Burden, Dr Steve Chinn, Prof John Everatt, Prof Angela Fawcett and Ms Sandra Hargreaves to Singapore to share valuable insights from their vast academic work and experience in the field. The Conference speakers will present information on multiple aspects of the learning differences dyslexic children and adults encounter.
With an expected attendance of over 300 participants, the Conference will be an excellent opportunity for you to network by renewing old ties and establishing new helpful contacts. We intend through this Conference to create a platform where the awareness of dyslexia and specific learning differences is extensively and positively enhanced throughout the region.
Fewer than 10% of the estimated 23,000 preschool, primary and secondary school children in Singapore with dyslexia severe enough to warrant intervention are presently receiving support. This is probably also the case throughout the region. I look forward to welcoming you to the Conference and, by learning and working together, reaching out to the many more dyslexic people who have yet to be identified and helped.
The Dyslexia Association of Singapore (DAS) intends that this Conference will bring together concerned teachers, other professionals and parents of children with specific learning differences in Singapore and the Asia Pacific to share their experiences and discuss important issues.
The DAS is deeply honoured to welcome distinguished speakers - Prof Robert Burden, Dr Steve Chinn, Prof John Everatt, Prof Angela Fawcett and Ms Sandra Hargreaves to Singapore to share valuable insights from their vast academic work and experience in the field. The Conference speakers will present information on multiple aspects of the learning differences dyslexic children and adults encounter.
With an expected attendance of over 300 participants, the Conference will be an excellent opportunity for you to network by renewing old ties and establishing new helpful contacts. We intend through this Conference to create a platform where the awareness of dyslexia and specific learning differences is extensively and positively enhanced throughout the region.
Fewer than 10% of the estimated 23,000 preschool, primary and secondary school children in Singapore with dyslexia severe enough to warrant intervention are presently receiving support. This is probably also the case throughout the region. I look forward to welcoming you to the Conference and, by learning and working together, reaching out to the many more dyslexic people who have yet to be identified and helped.
The epidemiology of ADHD in Asian countries
Heejung Byun, Korea
Objective: To review epidemiological aspect of AD/HD in Asian countries and to compare it with reports from western countries. Method: A systemic computerized review of the literature on AD/HD in Asian countries was performed. Results: The prevalence rate of AD/HD is about 3~10% using DSM-IV criteria. Male to female ratio is at least 3:1, In AD/HD subtypes, 50~75% are combined subtype and 20~30% are inattentive subtype. The comorbidity ratio is 15~60%. Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder and Anxiety Disorder are most frequently comorbid with AD/HD. The pattern of comorbidity in clinical samples is all very similar to the findings from western countries. There is a significant difference in comorbidity of Conduct Disorder in AD/HD between Korean and western reports. Conclusion: Most findings in Asia are comparable to those from studies in Western countries.
Heejung Byun, Korea
Objective: To review epidemiological aspect of AD/HD in Asian countries and to compare it with reports from western countries. Method: A systemic computerized review of the literature on AD/HD in Asian countries was performed. Results: The prevalence rate of AD/HD is about 3~10% using DSM-IV criteria. Male to female ratio is at least 3:1, In AD/HD subtypes, 50~75% are combined subtype and 20~30% are inattentive subtype. The comorbidity ratio is 15~60%. Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder and Anxiety Disorder are most frequently comorbid with AD/HD. The pattern of comorbidity in clinical samples is all very similar to the findings from western countries. There is a significant difference in comorbidity of Conduct Disorder in AD/HD between Korean and western reports. Conclusion: Most findings in Asia are comparable to those from studies in Western countries.
Moment-to-moment dynamics of ADHD behaviour in South African children.
Aase H, Meyer A, Sagvolden T.
Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of mental health, P.O Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway. heidi.aase@fhi.no
BACKGROUND: The behaviour of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is characterized by low predictability of responding. Low behavioural predictability is one way of operationalizing intra-individual ADHD-related variability. ADHD-related variability may be caused by inefficient behavioural selection mechanisms linked to reinforcement and extinction, as suggested by the recently published dynamic developmental theory (DDT) of ADHD. DDT argues that ADHD is a basic neurobehavioural disorder, caused by dysfunctioning dopamine systems. For establishing ADHD as a neurobehavioural disorder, findings from studies conducted in Western countries should be replicated in other cultural populations. The present study replicated the study conducted in Norway, with children from the Limpopo province in the Republic of South Africa. METHODS: Boys and girls, aged 6-9 yr, from seven ethnic groups participated. Scores by teachers on the Disruptive Behavior Disorders rating scale defined participation in either ADHD-hyperactive/impulsive (-HI), ADHD-predominantly inattentive (-PI), or ADHD-combined (-C) groups. Children below the 86th percentile were matched on gender and age and comprised the non-ADHD group. The children completed a computerized game-like task where mouse clicks on one of two squares on the screen resulted in delivery of a reinforcer according to a variable interval schedule of reinforcement. Reinforcers were cartoon pictures presented on the screen together with a sound. Predictability of response location and timing were measured in terms of explained variance. RESULTS: Overall, the results replicated findings from Norway. Specifically, the ADHD-C group showed significantly lower predictability of responding than the non-ADHD group, while the ADHD-HI and the ADHD-PI groups were in-between. In accordance with the previous study, response location, but not response timing, was a sensitive behavioural measure. There were no significant gender differences. Cartoon pictures were effective reinforcers as the non-ADHD group showed learning of the task. There was no relation between behavioural predictability and motor functions.
CONCLUSION: The present study makes a strong case for ADHD as a basic, neurobehavioural disorder, not a cultural phenomenon, by replicating findings from a wealthy Western country in a poor province of a developing country. The results were, generally, in line with predictions from the dynamic developmental theory of ADHD by indicating that reinforcers were less efficient in the ADHD group than in the non-ADHD group. Finally, the results substantiated ADHD-related variability as an etiologically important characteristic of ADHD behaviour.
Aase H, Meyer A, Sagvolden T.
Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of mental health, P.O Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway. heidi.aase@fhi.no
BACKGROUND: The behaviour of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is characterized by low predictability of responding. Low behavioural predictability is one way of operationalizing intra-individual ADHD-related variability. ADHD-related variability may be caused by inefficient behavioural selection mechanisms linked to reinforcement and extinction, as suggested by the recently published dynamic developmental theory (DDT) of ADHD. DDT argues that ADHD is a basic neurobehavioural disorder, caused by dysfunctioning dopamine systems. For establishing ADHD as a neurobehavioural disorder, findings from studies conducted in Western countries should be replicated in other cultural populations. The present study replicated the study conducted in Norway, with children from the Limpopo province in the Republic of South Africa. METHODS: Boys and girls, aged 6-9 yr, from seven ethnic groups participated. Scores by teachers on the Disruptive Behavior Disorders rating scale defined participation in either ADHD-hyperactive/impulsive (-HI), ADHD-predominantly inattentive (-PI), or ADHD-combined (-C) groups. Children below the 86th percentile were matched on gender and age and comprised the non-ADHD group. The children completed a computerized game-like task where mouse clicks on one of two squares on the screen resulted in delivery of a reinforcer according to a variable interval schedule of reinforcement. Reinforcers were cartoon pictures presented on the screen together with a sound. Predictability of response location and timing were measured in terms of explained variance. RESULTS: Overall, the results replicated findings from Norway. Specifically, the ADHD-C group showed significantly lower predictability of responding than the non-ADHD group, while the ADHD-HI and the ADHD-PI groups were in-between. In accordance with the previous study, response location, but not response timing, was a sensitive behavioural measure. There were no significant gender differences. Cartoon pictures were effective reinforcers as the non-ADHD group showed learning of the task. There was no relation between behavioural predictability and motor functions.
CONCLUSION: The present study makes a strong case for ADHD as a basic, neurobehavioural disorder, not a cultural phenomenon, by replicating findings from a wealthy Western country in a poor province of a developing country. The results were, generally, in line with predictions from the dynamic developmental theory of ADHD by indicating that reinforcers were less efficient in the ADHD group than in the non-ADHD group. Finally, the results substantiated ADHD-related variability as an etiologically important characteristic of ADHD behaviour.
Kids who live in the niger delta don't care about reading properly.
Too busy hiding from people who think they are witches and want to mutilate them.
Nice people.
Too busy hiding from people who think they are witches and want to mutilate them.
Nice people.
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